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Fight the Fake. Daily newsletter Receive essential international news every morning Subscribe. I remember the joy of the people that night when his departure was finally confirmed. On the one hand, it was electrifying to see Egyptians so energized by the prospect of an alternative future. And in that regard, the revolutionary uprising was successful as an uprising but not as a revolution.
The revolution was unfinished and thus undone. Rather, the heroes of their generation are those who revolted against him—and their dream of building a new Egypt of possibility is, as yet, unrealized.
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The Mubarak administration normalized relations with the Arab world and went on to develop close relations, especially with Saudi Arabia.
The most important regional development of the Mubarak era was the Iran-Iraq War, which took place between and During this period, Egypt supported Iraq militarily and economically against Iran. During the term of Saddam Hussein, nearly one million Egyptian citizens were working in Iraq, which was a highly developed country at that time. Due to the increasing normalization and its importance that cannot be ignored, Egypt was readmitted to the Arab League in The strict security measures and surveillance and inspection methods Mubarak, who survived numerous assassination attempts, used had effect on this.
His own military career and assassination of his successor Sadat, as well as his fear of his own people, played an important role in this security-oriented approach. So much so that there is not even a photograph of Mubarak taken in public.
The pictures were always taken in controlled and high-security environments. Unlike Sadat, Mubarak did not appoint a vice president, as he might have feared a coup in palace during his year rule. In the s, Mubarak's Egypt played a serious role in shaping the new Middle East by capturing significant opportunities in the post-Cold War era.
The most important of them was the Gulf War against Hussein's invasion of Kuwait. Egyptian troops were among the first to reach Saudi Arabia as part of the Allied Forces.
Egypt received financial aid from Gulf states during and after the war, and the U. Saddam's losing power weakened the anti-Western nationalist camp in the Arab world and brought the Westerner camp to prominence. Despite the rivalry between him and Hussein, unlike the Gulf states, Mubarak opposed the invasion of Iraq in , saying the Palestinian issue must be solved first.
Egypt held a military funeral for Mubarak on Wednesday, with President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi briefly leading the funeral procession. Read More. Sisi was part of the military council that assumed power after Mubarak's removal in He walked behind the flag-draped coffin along with former Mubarak-era ministers, and Mubarak's sons, Gamal and Alaa. The heavily guarded funeral was held in Al-Mosheer Tantawy Mosque, named after Mubarak's former defense minister Mohamed Hussein Tantawy, who led the military council after Mubarak's ouster in Hosni Mubarak, former Egyptian president, dies at The Soviet-trained bomber pilot became one of the leading US allies in the Middle East, receiving tens of billions of dollars in American military aid, and his government's continued observance of the Camp David accords with Israel was the cornerstone of the so-called "cold peace" between the formerly warring neighbors.
But following a January revolt in Tunisia that launched the Arab Spring uprisings, demonstrators on the streets of Cairo stood up to riot police, and the army refused to intercede on his behalf.
Mubarak handed over power to a military council in February and went into seclusion in the resort town of Sharm el-Sheikh. After his resignation, Mubarak spent several months on trial, accused of crimes including corruption, abuse of power, and conspiring to kill the protesters who rose up against him.
Denying all charges, he showed no remorse, and uttered no words of regret for those who were killed or injured. A frail Mubarak attended much of his trial on a gurney, suffering, his attorneys disclosed, from a variety of circulatory ailments and stomach cancer. When the trial concluded the following year, the former president declined his opportunity to speak.
Though prosecutors had requested that Mubarak be hanged if found guilty, he was instead sentenced to life in prison.
It was a punishment decried as too lenient by many Egyptians, who demanded the ultimate retribution for what they viewed as years of humiliation at the hands of the authoritarian leader. Egyptian honor guards escort the coffin during Mubarak's funeral. One-time national hero. It was a hard fall from grace for the man who had begun his political career as a national hero. Born in in the Nile Delta town of Kafr-el Meselha , Mubarak had graduated from Egypt's national military academy at 21 and gone on to join the country's air force.
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