News U. Politics Joe Biden Congress Extremism. Special Projects Highline. HuffPost Personal Video Horoscopes. Follow Us. Terms Privacy Policy. All rights reserved. In the U. Although salt iodization never was made mandatory, estimates are that more than 90 percent of U. Other sources of dietary iodine include eggs, enriched grain products and plant foods grown in iodine-rich soils. Unfortified sea salt contains only a small amount of iodine.
Iodized salt in the U. The recommended daily intake for adults is micrograms, which can be obtained from about one-half to three-quarters of a teaspoon of table salt. Testing of the general population indicates that most Americans consume sufficient levels of iodine through their diets.
The U. National Academy of Sciences also advocates that iodine be included in all prenatal multivitamins [ 33 ]. Following the successful implementation of salt iodization program in Switzerland, the introduction of iodized table salt in the U. However, although recent national studies demonstrate that the general population is overall iodine sufficient, salt iodization in the U. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Nutrients v. Published online Nov Angela M. Braverman , and Elizabeth N.
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This article has been corrected. See Nutrients. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Iodine is a micronutrient required for thyroid hormone production. Keywords: history, iodine, supplementation. Importance of Adequate Iodine Nutrition Adequate levels of iodine, a trace element variably distributed on the earth and found mostly in the soil and water of coastal areas, are required for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 , which play key roles in the metabolic processes of vertebrate life.
Sources of Iodine Intake and Exposure Iodine atomic weight Dietary Iodine In the U. Iodine Fortification and Supplementation in the U. Iodized Salt In the U. Iodine in Supplements and Multivitamins Iodine is required for normal brain myelination in utero and during the early post-partum period. Current Status of and Recommendations for Iodine Nutrition Levels of urinary iodine cannot be used to determine iodine status in an individual, given the day-to-day variation in dietary iodine intake.
Conclusions The U. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Rosenfeld L. Discovery and early uses of iodine. Carpenter K. David Marine and the problem of goiter. Chatin A. Merke F. History of endemic cretinism. In: Merke F. History and Iconography of Endemic Goiter and Cretinism. Hans Huber Publishers; Berne, Switzerland: Dasgupta P. Iodine nutrition: Iodine content of iodized salt in the United States. Boddie R.
Germicidal activities of representatives of five different teat dip classes against three bovine mycoplasma species using a modified excised teat model. Dairy Sci. Murray C. Pearce E. Zimmermann M. Iodine-deficiency disorders. Otten J. Dietary Reference Intakes. National trends in iodine nutrition: Is everyone getting enough?
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