Diagnostic methods may include: medical history physical examination blood tests stool tests. Treatment for gastroenteritis Treatment depends on the cause, but may include: Plenty of fluids. Oral rehydration drinks, available from your pharmacist. Admission to hospital and intravenous fluid replacement, in severe cases. Antibiotics, if bacteria are the cause. Drugs to kill the parasites, if parasites are the cause. Avoiding anti-vomiting or anti-diarrhoea drugs unless prescribed or recommended by your doctor, because these medications will keep the infection inside your body.
Prevention of gastroenteritis. Give feedback about this page. Was this page helpful? Yes No. Related information. Support groups Gastroenteritis. Hygiene and infection control. Viral Gastroenteritis. From other websites Department of Health Victoria.
Mayo Clinic. The inflammation is caused by toxin produced by C. Several different subtypes of E. Enterohemorrhagic E. Thrombocytopenia occurs when the bone marrow makes too few platelets or when Undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized milk and juice, and contaminated water are possible sources. Person-to-person transmission is common in day care centers.
Outbreaks have occurred among people who have gone swimming in pools or lakes or at water parks called recreational water illness. Enterotoxigenic E. This subtype of E. Traveler's diarrhea can be caused Enteropathogenic E. It was once a common cause of diarrhea outbreaks in nurseries but is now rare.
Enteroinvasive E. It is rare in the United States. Enteroaggregative E. Other bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Infections Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped coccal bacteria see figure How Bacteria Shape Up often cause This disorder can be caused by The toxin can cause gastroenteritis without causing a bacterial infection.
These toxins generally cause severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Symptoms begin within 12 hours of ingesting contaminated food and lessen within 36 hours. Several other bacteria cause gastroenteritis, but most are rare in the United States. The bacteria are spread mainly by the rat flea.
A person is infected after ingesting undercooked pork, unpasteurized milk, or contaminated water. Several Vibrio Cholera Cholera is a serious infection of the intestine that is caused by the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae and that causes severe diarrhea, which can be fatal without treatment.
Vibrio cholerae , which is responsible for the watery diarrhea that is the main symptom of cholera Cholera Cholera is a serious infection of the intestine that is caused by the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae and that causes severe diarrhea, which can be fatal without treatment. Epidemics may occur after natural disasters or in refugee camps. Listeria Listeriosis Listeriosis is infection caused by the gram-positive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, usually when contaminated food is eaten.
People may consume the bacteria in contaminated dairy products Aeromonas is acquired from swimming in or drinking contaminated fresh water or briny, salty water. Plesiomonas shigelloides can cause diarrhea in people who have eaten raw shellfish or traveled to tropical regions in developing countries.
Certain intestinal parasites, particularly Giardia intestinalis , stick to or invade the lining of the intestine and cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and a general sick feeling. The resulting infection, called giardiasis Giardiasis Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite Giardia.
The main symptoms are abdominal cramping and diarrhea. People may have abdominal cramping If the disease becomes persistent chronic , it can keep the body from absorbing nutrients, a condition known as a malabsorption syndrome Overview of Malabsorption Malabsorption syndrome refers to a number of disorders in which nutrients from food are not absorbed properly in the small intestine.
Certain disorders, infections, and surgical procedures can Infection is usually spread through drinking contaminated water sometimes from wells or unconventional water sources encountered while hiking or camping or, less commonly, via person-to-person contact such as in day care centers. Another intestinal parasite, called Cryptosporidium parvum , causes watery diarrhea that is sometimes accompanied by abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting.
The resulting infection, called cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite. People acquire the infection by consuming It is most commonly acquired by drinking contaminated water. Because it is resistant to usual concentrations of chlorine, this parasite is the most common cause of recreational water illness in the United States.
Other parasites that can cause symptoms similar to those of cryptosporidiosis include Cyclospora cayetanensis and, in people with an impaired immune system, Cystoisospora belli and a collection of organisms referred to as microsporidia Microsporidiosis Microsporidiosis is infection caused by Microsporidia, which are parasitic fungi.
Symptoms depend on the organs infected, but infections can cause diarrhea, other intestinal symptoms, or eye Entamoeba histolytica causes amebiasis Amebiasis Amebiasis is an infection of the large intestine and sometimes the liver and other organs that is caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, an ameba.
The amebas may Amebiasis is a common cause of bloody diarrhea in developing countries but is rare in the United States. Gastroenteritis may result from ingesting chemical toxins see Overview of Food Poisoning Overview of Food Poisoning Food poisoning results from eating a plant or animal that contains a toxin. The poisoning occurs after ingesting poisonous species of mushrooms or plants or contaminated fish or shellfish.
These toxins are usually produced by a plant, such as poisonous mushrooms Mushroom Toadstool Poisoning Many species of mushroom are poisonous. The potential for poisoning may vary within the same species, at different times of the growing season, and with cooking. It is difficult to differentiate There are three common types of poisoning caused by eating bony fish: Ciguatera Tetrodotoxin Scombroid See also Shellfish poisoning. Gastroenteritis due to chemical toxicity can also occur after ingesting water or food contaminated by chemicals such as arsenic, lead Lead Poisoning Some causes of lead poisoning are ingesting lead paint and eating or drinking from certain imported, improperly lead-glazed ceramics.
Very high levels of lead in the blood may cause personality Heavy-metal poisoning frequently causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Eating large amounts of acidic foods, such as citrus fruits and tomatoes, gives some people gastroenteritis.
Digoxin usually used for heart failure or certain irregular heart rhythms. In addition to antibiotic-associated diarrhea, antibiotic use may cause Clostridium difficile—induced diarrhea Clostridioides formerly Clostridium difficile-Induced Colitis Clostridioides difficile C. Ther Clin Risk Manag. Efficacy and safety of ondansetron in pediatric patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Clin Ther. Jurgens H, McQuade B. Ondansetron as prophylaxis for chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced emesis in children.
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Also, identifying patients with similar histories of food or drink they have recently consumed often helps to determine the source of the outbreak. Most people with gastroenteritis recover within a few days without the need for medical treatment, as long as they stay properly hydrated.
To help keep yourself comfortable and prevent dehydration while you recover, try the following:. For infants with gastroenteritis, let the baby's stomach rest for 15 to 20 minutes after vomiting or a bout of diarrhoea, then offer small amounts of liquid. Let the baby nurse if being breast-fed. If you are bottle-feeding, offer a small amount of an oral rehydration solution or regular formula. Anti-diarrhoeal medications, such as Imodium, can be taken to slow the diarrhoea.
In most cases, however, it is better for the body to clear itself of the virus or bacteria causing the gastroenteritis. Use of antibiotics is usually avoided because they are not effective against viruses, and their overuse contributes to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. A vaccine for rotavirus is available free for New Zealand babies to have before 15 weeks of age. The oral vaccine is given in two doses at the 6-week and 3-month immunisation visits to reduce the incidence or severity of rotavirus infection, which is a very common cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children.
Healthline Free phone: Website: www. Mayo Clinic Viral gastroenteritis stomach flu Web Page. Ministry of Health
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