Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer affecting organs or glandular tissues, and can cause breast , lung , colorectal , stomach , prostate , pancreatic , and esophageal cancer , among others. Hepatocellular carcinoma liver cancer , renal cell carcinoma kidney cancer , cholangiocarcinoma bile duct cancer are common types of adenocarcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It affects basal cells which produce new skin cells in the lower part of the epidermis surface level of the skin.
For most people, BCC is not life-threatening. It tends to grow slowly, and it seldom spreads to another part of the body. When found early, this skin cancer is highly treatable. Also known as epidermoid carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma affects squamous cells which make up the epidermis and can cause skin, lung, oral head and neck, esophageal, cervical , vaginal , bladder , prostate, and penile cancer.
It is the second most common form of skin cancer after BCC. Carcinoma types vary not only by the organs they affect but also by their rate of progression. BCC tends to be slow-growing and least likely to spread, while SCC is generally faster-growing than adenocarcinoma.
There are also variations in carcinoma cell types—such as adenosquamous carcinomas, anaplastic carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma—the features of which can predict the aggressiveness of the disease.
The majority of breast, colorectal, kidney, liver, lung, oral, pancreatic, and prostate cancers are carcinoma. Multiple genetic mutations can accumulate in a progenitor cell a cell, like a stem cell, that can differentiate to create a specialized cell , and certain combinations of mutations can lead to the development of a cancer stem cell, which produces cancer cells and causes cancer.
These cancer cells have distinctive properties:. When the mutations occur in the progenitor cells of the epithelium, they may produce a benign tumor such as an adenoma or a malignant one carcinoma. The reason why these mutations occur is not entirely clear. They are believed to be the result of a combination of factors, including:. In certain cancers, age plays a central role. This is especially true with carcinomas, the risk of which increases with age. According to the National Cancer Institute, the median age of diagnosis for breast cancer is 61 years old, 68 years old for colorectal cancer, 70 years old for lung cancer, and 66 years old for prostate cancer.
Mutations alone are unlikely to produce cancer, as recent data shows that they may be present in noncancerous cells. Scientists have yet to determine which genetic mutations is associated with a particular type of cancer, or what other factors besides genes are responsible for that cancer type.
A genetic mutation linked to several different carcinomas is BRCA mutations. Although a variety of tests can be used to screen for carcinomas in different parts of the body—including imaging studies mammograms , CT, MRI , lab tests cytology , PSA , and procedures colonoscopy , thoracentesis —carcinomas are definitively diagnosed based on an examination of the cancer cells under the microscope. Carcinomas involve solid tumors, so the investigation typically includes a biopsy when cells or tissue are taken from your body to be examined under a microscope , which is performed to extract a tissue sample and morphology physical structure to identify the molecular, cellular, and architecture characteristics of the affected cells and tissues.
Going through a biopsy does not mean that you have cancer. The process of closer examination using a microscope is called histology. Types of biopsies include:. Carcinomas can be differentiated based on their morphology through tests, including:.
The differentiation of carcinoma cells can predict how aggressive or indolent cancer may be. Well-differentiated means the cells behave and act similarly to normal cells, and the cancer is likely to develop slowly. Undifferentiated means the cells are very immature and primitive, and they lack the features used to identify and classify different cancers. An undifferentiated cancer is more aggressive than a cancer that is well-differentiated. These tests are used to not only diagnose carcinomas but also to stage and grade the disease.
Staging and grading describe both the severity and likely course of the disease, which in turn directs the appropriate course of treatment. Small cell lung carcinoma SCLC only has two stages: limited and extensive.
Cellular characteristics inform the cancer stage and prognosis by assigning a tumor grade. The tumor grade helps determine the best treatment. These cells make up the epithelium, which is the tissue that lines the surfaces inside and outside your body.
This includes the outside surface of your skin and internal organs. It also includes the inside of hollow organs, like your digestive tract and blood vessels. Carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer.
Sarcoma is another type of cancer. This only occurs in the skin. Most often, squamous cell carcinoma refers to skin cancer, but it also commonly affects other parts of the body:. This type of cancer accounts for about 90 percent of all kidney tumors. Transitional cells are found in the center of your kidney renal pelvis and the tube that drains urine from your kidney ureter.
Transitional cell carcinoma accounts for about 10 percent of all kidney cancers. These cancers develop in epithelial cells that secrete a substance like mucus, called glandular cells. These cells are in the linings of most organs. A history and physical is performed to see if your symptoms are consistent with carcinoma and to look for any signs of it on examination.
Carcinoma inside your body is evaluated with imaging tests that show its location and size. They can also show if it has spread locally or within your body. Once the cancer has been evaluated with imaging, a biopsy is performed. Special scopes — which are lighted tubes with a camera and special tools designed for a specific organ — are often used to look at the cancer and tissue around it, and biopsy or remove the cancer.
About our Cancer Prevention Recommendations. Be a healthy weight. Be physically active. Eat wholegrains, vegetables, fruit and beans. Limit 'fast foods'. Cancer trends. Worldwide cancer data. Global cancer data by country. Comparing more and less developed countries.
Cancer survival statistics. Bladder cancer statistics. Worldwide cancer data Global cancer statistics for the most common cancers. Global cancer incidence: both sexes Lung and breast cancers were the most common cancers worldwide, each contributing
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